ADJECTIVES
An adjectives modifies a noun. “Modify”
means to change a little. An adjective describes or gives information about the
noun.
Adjective
usually comes in front of a noun.
(a) I met a
kind man
adjective +noun
(b) I met
a famous man
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause* modifies a noun. It
describes or gives information about a noun.
An adjective
clause follow a noun
© I met a man who is kind to everybody.
(d) I met a man who is a famous poet.
(e) I met a man who lives in Chicago.
noun + adjective clause
*USING
WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) The man is friendly. He
lives next to me.
↓
who
who lives
next to me.
(b) The man who
lives next to me is friendly.
In (a): He
is a subject pronoun. He refers to “the man.”
To make an
adjective clause, change he to who.
Who is a subject pronoun. Who
refers to “the man.”
In (b): An
adjective clause immediately follow the noun it modifies.
Incorrect:
The man is friendly who lives next to me.
s
v o
© The man was
friendly. I met him.
↓
whom
o
s v
whom I met.
(d) The man whom
I met was friendly.
In ©: him
is an object pronoun. Him
refers to “the man”.
To make an
adjective clause, change him to whom.
Whom is an object pronoun.
Whom refers to “the man.”
Whom comes at the beginning of an adjective
clause.
In (d): An
adjective clause immediately follow the noun it modifies.
Incorrect:
The man was friendly whom I met.
*USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT
IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
s v
(a) The man is friendly. He lives next to me.
|
s v who/that
(b) The man who
lives next to me is friendly.
© The man that
lives next to me is friendly.
In addition to who,
that can be used as the subject of an adjective clause.
(b) and © have
the same meaning.
A subject
pronoun cannot be omitted.
Incorrect:
The man lives next to me is friendly.
Correct:
The man who/that lives next to me is friendly
s
v o
(d) The man was
friendly. I me
him.
↓
O s v
whom/that
(e) The man who(m) I met
was friendly.
(f) The
man that I met was friendly.
(g) The
man Ѳ I met was friendly.
In addition to whom(m),
*that clause can be used as the object is an adjective clause.
(e) and (f)
have the same meaning.
An object
pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause. (e), (f) and (g) have the same
meaning.
In (g): The
symbol “Ѳ” means “nothing goes here.”
*USING WHICH AND THAT IN
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
s v
(a) The river is polluted. It flows through the town.
↓
which/that
s
v
(b) The river which flows through the
town is polluted.
© The river that
flows through the town is polluted.
Who and whom refer to people. Which
refers to things. That refers to either people or things.
In (a): To make
an adjective clause, change it to which or that.
It, which, and that all refer to a thing (the river).
(b) and © have
the same meaning.
When which
and that are used as the subject of an adjective clause, they
CANNOT be omitted.
Incorrect:
The river flows through town is polluted
s v o
(d) The books
were expensive. I bought them.
↓
o
s v which/that
(e) The books which
I bought were expensive.
(f) The book
s that I bought were expensive.
(g) The
books Ѳ I bought were expensive.
Which or that can be used as an
object in adjective clause, as in (e) and (f).
An object
pronoun can be omitted from an adjective
clause, an in (g).
(e), (f) and
(g) have the same meaning.
*SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
(a) I know the man who is
sitting over there.
In (a): The
verb in the adjective clause (is) is singular because who refers
to a singular noun.
(b) I know the people
who are sitting over there.
In (b): The
verb in the adjective clause (are) is plural because who refers to
plural noun, people.
*USING PREPOSITIONS IN
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
prep obj.
(a)
The man was helpful. I
talked to
him.
obj.
prep
(b) The man whom I talked to was helpful.
© The man that I talked to was helpful.
(d) The man Ѳ I talked to was helpful.
prep obj.
(e) The man to whom
I talked was helpful.
Whom , which, and that can be used as the object of a
preposition in an adjective clause.
Reminder: An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause, as
in (d) and (i).
In very formal English, a preposition comes at the beginning of an
adjective clause, as in (e) and (j). The preposition is followed by either whom
or which (not that or who), and the pronoun CANNOT be omitted.
(e) The people were friendly. We bought their
house.
↓
whose
house.
(f) The people whose house we bought were friendly.
In (e): Their house can be changed to whose house to make an
adjective clause
4.Restrictive Clause and Nonrestrictive Clauses
Restrictive Clause
A
restrictive modifying clause (or essential clause) is an adjective clause that
is essential to the meaning of a sentence because it limits the thing it refers
to. The meaning of the sentence would change if the clause were deleted.
Because restrictive clauses are essential, they are not set off by commas.
- All students who do their work should pass easily.
- The car that I want is out of my price range.
- The gas company will discontinue our service unless we pay our bills by Friday.
Nonrestrictive Clauses
A
nonrestrictive modifying clause (or nonessential clause) is an adjective clause
that adds extra or nonessential information to a sentence. The meaning of the
sentence would not change if the clause were to be omitted. Nonrestrictive
modifying clauses are usually set off by commas.
- Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote "The Raven," is a great American poet.
- Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony until 1898, when it was ceded to the United States.
No comments:
Post a Comment